The Gap In Irelands Infrastructure And What Is Done To Close It Essay

The Gap In Irelands Infrastructure And What Is Done To Close It - Essay Example Today, from one of the most unfortunate nation, simply a few decades back, the nation has moved to the highest point of the class; getting one of the most extravagant nation in Europe today (Labohm, 2005; Wikipedia, 2006a; Ireland-Economic Profile, 2005). Despite the fact that, Ireland is not, at this point a poor nation with its per capita salary now one of the most elevated in the European Community. However Ireland's framework and social arrangement are far underneath the EU normal. The developing destitution rates, inconsistent salary dispersion, developing rich-poor hole and the under-prepared vehicle, wellbeing and instruction frameworks speak to the most obvious indications of the broad holes in the nation's infrastructural base. This poor framework, particularly as it concerns transport impacts intensely on a few areas of the nation and in particular on the expanding poor populace (A Little Done, 2005). This paper thusly means to take a gander at the issue of framework in Ireland; how awful it is and what the legislature is getting along to cure the circumstance. A decent method to begin the evaluation of the infrastructural issues of the nation is to endeavor an even minded meaning of the term 'framework'. In the most broad getting, 'foundation' is utilized to allude to a lot of interconnected basic components that give the structure or premise that underpins a whole framework. In any case, when limited to conversations concerning financial development or potentially advancement of a state or nation, foundation alludes to the offices that empower the proficient running of individual and corporate organizations and improves the nature of lives for the occupants. This could incorporate divisions of the economy as transportation, water flexibly, power/vitality gracefully, squander expulsion, correspondences and so forth (Wikipedia, 2006b). However, framework is customarily connected with transportation, for example, street systems, railroads, motorways and so on; it is essential to bring up that the term really subsumes a wide scope of offices and administrations that empower the smooth running of individual and corporate presence in a state and in this manner incorporates in excess of twenty unique regions of venture going from the vehicle, correspondences, power/vitality, land advancement, utilities and even waste removal and the executives. The majority of Ireland's framework used to be claimed and worked by the administration, notwithstanding, things are changing, some are currently being worked, somewhat or absolutely by the private segment, which holds genuine ramifications for the infrastructural advancement of the nation and the arrangements required to address the conspicuous shortfalls in the nation's foundation (The Case for Change, 2005). The significance of a sound and all around created physical framework for the nation's advancement as well as for the personal satisfaction of its kin can't be overemphasized. In the quick moving worldwide economy, individuals, merchandise and data must have the option to move from one point to the next, rapidly, dependably and productively. Organizations and speculation are pulled in to a locale/state where great foundation exists, since undertakings will just flourish in a situation where physical and correspondence frameworks are sufficiently sent. Additionally, the travel industry is a solid income worker, giving a large number of occupations to the country,

Training and Development of Brac Bank free essay sample

As each organization has some encased data, we got a similar reaction from BRAC Bank true to form. ? Because of a tight calendar of the HR Manager, we were unable to get all the data in detail. ? As HR is a classified unit of the organization, it would not share inside data about this office as well. ? As he enlightened us concerning the preparation procedure, some significant issues and data are not talked about in the report. 1. 9 Managerial order: [pic] Chapter 2 Selection: The choice procedure begins when the BRAC bank authority begins planning to take meet. The determination procedure for inside up-and-comers outer competitors are extraordinary. At the point when bank authority scans for inside applicants, they simply make short-rundown of the up-and-comers who satisfy the measures of the activity the power imagine that, this individual might be appropriate for this position. Here, it is to tell that, interior representatives need to have the authorization of his/her boss to apply for a post. We will compose a custom paper test on Preparing and Development of Brac Bank or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At that point, their CV is reverified again short-recorded. These short-recorded workers are advised for viva. They don’t need to give composed as in light of the fact that they have just been chosen once. Sorts of tests: For inner employment competitors, the bank readies a viva board comprising three individuals. One is from the necessary division, one is from the activity another is from HR office. They tests three sorts of capacity of a competitors. a) Job information: As the competitors are as of now existing individual from the bank, they should have some information about the bank. The obligations, condition, rules guidelines are additionally asked in this part. b) Communication abilities: In this part, the bank takes a gander at how the applicants can speak with different representatives. ) Judgment aptitudes: To know the education, quickness of the work expository capacity, the bank pose inquiry about numerical or basic inquiry. For instance: they need to enlist a records director. They asked him that, his compensation would be 20,000 Tk. On the off chance that I give 8,000 Tk. in 500 Tk. note the rest in 100 Tk. note, what number of 500 100 notes will be there? The quicker the applicant responds to the inquiry the quicker is scholarly. After the test, the chose applicants are sent to â€Å"Medinova† for their clinical exam. BRAC bank has 4-5 clinical tests for them. They need to do the test with their own cash. At that point, an offer letter is sent to the individuals who are medicinally fit. Previous existence investigation: There is a hole in the middle of giving an offer letter joining letter. Meanwhile, the organization breaks down the chose candidate’s previous existence, scholarly testaments, references. They likewise investigate the KPI of the individual applicants which shows the exhibition capacity that the individual needs to make a specific showing. On the off chance that anything is discovered wrong, the worker is ended from the activity. 1. Outer applicants: For the outside competitors, the bank has three sort of choice procedure for three unique kinds of level. ) Entry level situations: For the section level position, the bank for the most part lean towards outside applicants. At the point when they locate countless applications for the activity, they start to drilling down the applications that satisfy their necessities. At that point they call them for a composed asse ssment. The assessment is taken on MCQ it takes 60 minutes. The composed test contains English language, arithmetic some expository capacities. At that point assessing their test paper, the competitors are again short-recorded then they are required a viva. There they are posed inquiries to know their capacity information. For the most part, they are taken bent test, insight test accomplishment test. The chose up-and-comers here again sent to Medi-nova for their clinical test at long last the individuals who can cross the whole ropeway are given offer letter. At that point their previous existence examination go on later, the compelling genuine up-and-comers are given joining letter. The procedure in short can be portrayed like underneath: [pic] b) Mid-level situation: For mid level positions, the bank inclines toward direct fundamental meeting. In the meeting, they ask work related inquiries. From them, they select worker send them into second meeting. After that they have last meeting in which they faces the top managerial staff. In the event that they can make them intrigue, they are the recently joined mid level administrators. c) Top level situation: For the top level positions, the bank takes help of head trackers. The head tracker gives the resumes of intrigued representatives after that they are required a viva. The viva board comprises of AVP, VP, MD two senior individual from the leading group of executive. Section 3 â€Å"Training and advancement Process of BRAC Bank† The preparation and improvement procedure of BRAC bank is separated into three sections. They are: †¢ Orientation preparing †¢ Job explicit preparing †¢ Need base preparing BRAC Bank Training Orientation Job explicit Need base Training preparing Orientation preparing: Orientation preparing is the preparation for the fresh blood. We found that this preparation is essentially given to cause representatives to become acclimated to the earth, methodology, techniques, association objective; working procedure and so forth. The preparation framework for this sort of preparing can be partitioned into certain parts. In the wake of accepting chosen member list, the bank structures the speculative preparing plan for four phases. They are: †¢ Induction preparing †¢ Core banking preparing Dept connection preparing †¢ Dept connection preparing assessment †¢ Mock test Then they speak with assets and individual divisions in like manner. After they speak with GA (general organization and IS for all calculated help. This progression will be followed assortment of preparing notes and perusing materials from asset individual. Let’s get somewhat illustrative on these focuses: Induction: This part is finished in 1 day. The enlistment procedure is partitioned into two meetings. From the outset, all the fresher representatives are assembled in a gathering room or lobby room and afterward they are presented and invited in the association. At that point they are told about the historical backdrop of the association, the way of life, the significance of the way of life, the point and vision of the association, the dedication of the workers, etc. After that a brief break is given for refreshment. While this break, experienced workers kind of make a benevolent domain to relax up the pressure and anxiety of the fresher. We found that the goal of this progression is to make fresher representatives think about the association, their partners with the goal that they don’t feel awkward when the person in question will return to their workplace. Another rationale behind this program is to urge them to put their most extreme duty for the association. Center financial preparing: The center financial arrangement of BRAC bank is controlled by programming named â€Å"Finacle†. This product controls the center banking of the BRAC bank. The worker needs to realize how to work this product. Else, he can't be locked in with banking arrangement of this bank. That is the reason after acceptance process workers are taken to BRAC bank preparing focus and they are instructed how to utilize this product. It is educated in PC labs where teacher shows representatives how to utilize this product. The demo of this product is utilized for this reason. We found that the goal of this preparation framework is to make workers proficient about this product which is the core of banking for BRAC bank. Office connection preparing: BRAC bank apportions a multi day preparing for this reason. That is to say, a representative has the chance to watch their own area of expertise. With this preparation the person will have the option to get familiar with their activity duty, depiction, partners, etc. We found this is the procedure each bank uses to prepare their representatives. It is customary and compelling technique. Here, representative is allowed the chance to watch their area of expertise for certain days. The greatest favorable position of this preparation framework is the expense is low and gives the representatives genuine chance to know their work and get suit with nature the individual in question is working in. Notwithstanding that the person in question gets an opportunity to know their activity obligation too. Office connection preparing assessment: In this stage an assessment is held to assess the worker whether the person can watch their specialty appropriately or not. An employee’s own specialty is in control for this assessment. There is sure imprint to be acquired to pass. In the event that a representative can't acquire that mark, at that point the individual in question will be given an opportunity again to watch their specialization for not many more days. After that the individual will be reviewed to achieve this test. On the off chance that she or he again neglects to acquire that mark, the organization will fire him thinking about that the individual in question isn't egger to learn and can't satisfy their activity obligation. After the culmination of this preparation, the person will show up for the fake test. Mock test: This preparation framework is acquired from remote nations. In our nation, just BRAC bank offers this preparation framework. This technique is held for the most part in preparing focus yet now and again branch workplaces offer this procedure on Saturday. Here, among fresher representatives, each worker will play out some differently assigned places of BRAC bank. The accomplished workers will go about as clients and will be requesting various types of administrations from them. Our finding through this procedure is that fresher will be examined profoundly through experienced workers. The conduct, working limits, working duty of the representatives is checked in this procedure. Once in a while senior workers attempt to drive the representative mad to perceive how they perform under this tempered circumstance. Basi

but her emails

but her emails It is summer, and I have zero01 virtually, i.e. Im still blogging and stuff but there are not currently any urgent MIT-related items that require action on my part responsibilities at MIT for the first time ever in my 3+ years here. The early-mid-late-semester Stress that normally sits on my shoulders02 I really need to work on my posture is locked in a storage unit in Charlestown, waiting for me to unpack it again in August. One of the many things Stress made difficult was responding promptly to important emails. As anyone who knows Stress can attest, not responding to emails makes Stress get heavier. Oddly enough, now that Stress and I are on separate coasts, I have begun to crave emails.03 I have also begun to crave metaphor. Just when I got the time to respond to them, they stopped showing up. Im sitting here in a corporate coffee shop chain, typing on my laptop, Cynthia A Harris Outlook Web App open in the background. watching always watching Its gotten bad enough that I have begun to send unprompted emails. The first one was to a Herff Jones representative.04 I lost my silver brass rat in January and havent started the process to get it replaced yet :/ The second one was a soft complaint to SFS05 some concern about award adjustment for the uninsured as well as jobs at MIT being counted as part of the award; basically stuff Ive been disgruntled about since before I even got to campus about what is included in a financial aid award. The latter made me reflect on other emails Ive sent as an adult and thus supplied the impetus for this post. (Editors note: After finishing this post, I decided to check if this has been written about before. Of course, as with many of my (non-admissions blog) post ideas, Vice already did it. The Vice article arrived at a different conclusion that I dont disagree with, but I think since my post is sort of personal and not necessarily intended to be generalized, everything should be fine.) After some reflection, Ive come up with three reasons why it is hard for me to compose, revise, and send emails. I do not want to come across as bitchy in my emails.I do not know how not to Feel, Think, or have things Seem To Me. I am self-conscious about the number of Is in my writing. According to my own personal psychoanalysis,06 p a t h o l o g y these issues stem from an inability to be assertive the correct amount at the correct times in the correct ways. As I dug down to Frasier Crane levels of depth,07 tfw your boyfriend had Cheers playing in the background for the entire month of April I came to the conclusion that this may be a symptom of my battle with being a woman in society.08 Important caveat: This is regarding my personal experience, as Im sure its not just Women who have these feelings, nor do even Women necessarily feel this way as a result of their Womanhood. In fact, I expressed these thoughts to a Man friend who related to a lot of these points, which makes me think this may just be a broader human experience thing. Gender roles are tattooed in the folds of my pretty little dainty little baby pink brain, and I think that everyone, however subconsciously, is judging my actions as compared to the archetypal Woman. Its usually Women who are labelled bitchy. Women are stereotypically people of pathos who naturally communicate with I Feel statements. Self-confident Women are only a few Is away from being vain or narcissistic Women. I never felt this fear in high school, but back then I sent way fewer emails09 Incoming students: prepare your Delete finger for the onslaught that is dormspam and knew the recipients understood that they were corresponding with a Child, not an Adult Woman. I like being a woman! I think the stereotypical womanly empathy is an attribute mankind should strive for. But I want to be a woman whose opinions and comments arent disregarded due to implicit biases. From birth we are forced to compete. I cant fix10 we live in a society, man any of this myself, but here are some things Im trying out. Postscripts to Clarify Intent I am the new desk captain at MacGregor, meaning I get to send a lot of passive aggressive emails about people doing things incorrectly. I just got the job, and fear that a combination of dry, slightly irritated emails and my down-turned mouth corners will contribute to my bitchy reputation. I dont want that. In light of this, I have embarked on a new pilot campaign: just add a not intended to be bitchy clause at the end of the email! recipient name redacted bc I luv 2 redacc and also 2 protecc anonymity The only real issue Ive had with this is I dont know how to do this for emails to adults who would be offended at me using the word bitchy. Drop your suggestions in the comments! For now Ill just painstakingly read over those emails extra closely to make sure theyre nice. Just Go Through and Delete Pheel-y Phrases I feel like starting sentences with opinion qualifier phrases is an empathetic and understanding way to communicate. However, I think it dampens the forcefulness of your statements a bit. It seems to me that people take your thoughts more seriously when you declare rather than suggest. Starting sentences with opinion qualifier phrases is an empathetic and understanding way to communicate. However, it dampens the forcefulness of your statements a bit. People take your thoughts more seriously when you declare rather than suggest. Honestly, I dont know if thats necessarily true. I think and I feel do not need to be removed from standard usage; theyre useful. But when Im writing something that is supposed to be a sort of call to action,11 or much more commonly when Im reading someone/something for filth I go through and cut anything that might suggest Im expressing an opinion not a fact. I do not know when I became an expert on rhetoric, but this approach works for me when I occasionally have to ASSERT. Unless You Start Every Sentence with I, No One Is Going to Notice It This one is more of a mind thing than a writing thing. Snipping out the I feels can cut down on your I usage, but honestly who really notices this? Especially if the email is about I? And often it is? This brings us to the end of the tour. If you have any strong reactions to this or more tips on how to improve my email writery,12 or my writery in general... like many writers I am of the opinion that I suck at this please leave those in the comments. Seriously. I dont have any emails to respond to anymore and I am starving for new prompts. Please. Post Tagged #advice #bad advice? #emails virtually, i.e. I'm still blogging and stuff but there are not currently any urgent MIT-related items that require action on my part back to text ? I really need to work on my posture back to text ? I have also begun to crave metaphor. back to text ? I lost my silver brass rat in January and haven't started the process to get it replaced yet :/ back to text ? some concern about award adjustment for the uninsured as well as jobs at MIT being counted as part of the award; basically stuff I've been disgruntled about since before I even got to campus back to text ? p a t h o l o g y back to text ? tfw your boyfriend had Cheers playing in the background for the entire month of April back to text ? Important caveat: This is regarding my personal experience, as I'm sure it's not just Women who have these feelings, nor do even Women necessarily feel this way as a result of their Womanhood. In fact, I expressed these thoughts to a Man friend who related to a lot of these points, which makes me think this may just be a broader human experience thing. back to text ? Incoming students: prepare your Delete finger for the onslaught that is dormspam back to text ? we live in a society, man back to text ? or much more commonly when I'm reading someone/something for filth back to text ? or my writery in general... like many writers I am of the opinion that I suck at this back to text ?

A Research Study On Preventive Medicine - 978 Words

I can still remember those words, ‘When you are a clinician, you are saving a life, but when you are a public health personnel, you are saving thousands of lives at a time’, delivered by my professor in the orientation class of undergraduate Community Medicine course. That introductory speech was so motivating that I contemplated for a while, should I be in the ‘thousands life saver’ group? Though inspiring, that speech alone was not sufficient to grow my interest in public health. Day by day I felt the importance of public health while dealing with various patients as a clinician. During my Intern period in the Dhaka Medical College Hospital, I managed a diverse type of patients and realized that to delve into the depths of the medicine, there is no alternative of knowing the epidemiological basis of diseases. In order to improve the individual and the community health status, preventive medicine should be focused primarily. Moreover, as a result of modernization and lifestyle modification, the prevalence of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, stroke is increasing day by day, as well as the infectious diseases. New diseases are also emerging with alarming frequency. Public health can play a vital role to handle these situations. For this reason, I preferred to pursue my career as a public health researcher rather than a clinician and applying for Masters of Public Health (MPH) in epidemiology concentration as my first step to implement my aim. I becameShow MoreRelatedPositive Outcomes Via Health Screening1097 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing a keystone of health care in the United States, low cost preventative health care and screening programs are at the forefront of budgetary meetings in government agencies and boardrooms across the nation. 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The minority population typically has a disproportional burden of the HIV/ Aids epidemic ( Wetle Scanlan 2013). Disparities in healthcare are among the lines of access to care, treatment, preventive measures, andRead MoreThe Models Of Heart, Brain And Different Human Body Parts Back859 Words   |  4 Pagessuspended in the gray monotony of maladies and miseries. I realized that medicine provides me with that opportunity, as it is not only a mean of livelihood but an actual platform for serving humanity. After my high school, I finally pursued my dream and stepped into the medical school at Punjab Medical College. My journey in medical school enriched my personal growth and led me to become mature in my thinking and ways. 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Over the last two decades, there has been great advances in the field of genomics, a discipline in medicine that involves a person’s genetic information and its use in the clinical practice for treatment and prevention of a disease. With the advancement in technological capabilities and addressing

A Bridge to the 18th Century Essay - 727 Words

Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century By: Neil Postman Neil Postman identifies himself as a neo-Luddite. What bothers Postman most is the fact that the great innovators of this time have no frame of reference other than their own experience, and that experience is only that of the 20th century. Advocates of trends such as information superhighways and economic globalization appear to know nothing of history, philosophy and culture; they live digitally in the hollow present. Postman assesses different ideas in each chapter: Chaper One: A Bridge to the Eighteenth Century Postman heralds the accomplishments of personalities of the 18th Century, including Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Kant, Hume, Gibbon,†¦show more content†¦Chapter Six: Narratives Postman states that the narratives of the 20th and 21st centuries should not cause us to view prior narratives and philosophies in a derogatory or condescending light. Quoting Niels Bohr, Postman writes, The opposite of a correct statement is an incorrect statement. The opposite of a profound truth is another profound truth. Postman says that we should consider the values of other cultures and eras vision of Truth to make true progress and attain true wisdom. Chapter Seven: Children Postman stresses the importance of a childhood, a concept that Postman thinks is disappearing from our culture. Chapter Eight: Democracy Basically reiterating some themes from his chapter on language and also highlighting the works of Rousseau and Tocqueville, Postman emphasizes that we should acknowledge that democracy is an idea that is ever- changing. He also examines the effects of TV and other technological advances on the publics view of democracy. Chapter Nine: Education Postman criticizes modern American concepts of education, claiming that the facts, history, and critical thinking that is encouraged in schools does not allow for our children to be fully educated. Postman offers five suggestions for a complete reform of American schools, including courses in questioning,Show MoreRelateda bridge to the 18th century715 Words   |  3 Pages Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Neil Postman identifies himself as a â€Å"neo-Luddite†. What bothers Postman most is the fact that the great innovators of this time have no frame of reference other than their own experience, and that experience is only that of the 20th century. Advocates of trends such as information superhighways and economic globalization appear to know nothing of history, philosophy and culture; they live digitally in the hollow present. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;PostmanRead MoreWith 7,000 registered historic buildings standing as testimony to its rich architectural heritage,1300 Words   |  6 Pagesin the organic development of modern architecture. The Canal Rings are one of the most prominent features of Amsterdam’s architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Listed site. They are essentially a concentric ring of canals built during the 17th century and have since been the icons of urban planning and architecture. The concentric rings were extended outward to accommodate the growing needs of the city as well as drain the swampland. These Canal Rings were lined by the residences of wealthy merchantsRead More Technology In The Industrial Revolution Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesproduction. 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However, for all of its popularity, it still wasnt an art form that appealed to the masses. The librettos were usually ancient Greek or Roman in origin or based on some sort of obscure, heroic tale. Although the opera buffa,

Counterproductive Effects in Rewards and Motivation Free Essays

When employing, retention and parting signify intricate, long term and multi- layered dealings rather than a Counterproductive Effects in Rewards and Motivation simple market deal, employees and employers will be principally careful to avoid entering the relationship with an inappropriate partner but, in speedily moving economic and industrial environments it is rational that a firm’s employment needs will be changing too. In this situation, a guarantee of long-term employment would be extremely expensive if the firm is not able to reallocate workers to new tasks as the requirements rose. So, Counterproductive Effects in Rewards and Motivation for employees, surviving and been considered by the firm as a valued component in these conditions becomes a personal challenge, especially if these employees’ performance is compared with others’ using subjective evaluation systems based not only in performance and results, but also in perceptions and Image. We will write a custom essay sample on Counterproductive Effects in Rewards and Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human Wealth refers to the knowledge and acquired skills; a person has to upsurge his or her ability to conduct activities with economic value. Human Wealth is most often acquired by knowledge on through teaching by others who already have the necessary skills. It is the factor that differentiates raw labor power from skilled expertise at some task or job and as a crucial determinant of productivity. Today’s companies’ true strength resides in their Human Capital so, an impulse to improve the human development into the organizations becomes crucial to guarantee its survival in this highly competitive world. It is necessary that top middle management perform a deep auto critic of their attitudes in order to look, find and sustain that motivation that worries us. It is useful to distinguish between firm-specific and general-purpose (or non-specific) Human Capital. Skills and knowledge that increases the person’s productivity when working for any of several different employers represents general-purpose Human Capital, and normally, a firm is unlikely to help pay this kind of tuition. On the other hand, firm-specific Human Capital, like knowledge of the firm’s specific accounting system, machines or procedures. It might seem worthwhile for an employer to invest in worker’s firm-specific Human Capital. How to cite Counterproductive Effects in Rewards and Motivation, Papers

Ocean pollution and the fishing industry

Executive Summary It is estimated that water takes up more than two thirds of the total earth’s surface. This means that land occupies less than one third of the surface. Arguably, water is the most essential resource in the world. With it, plants as well as wildlife survive. In addition, its use in facilitating success in man’s activities is great.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ocean pollution and the fishing industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, as the population across the world continues to grow exponentially, human beings are putting the water bodies under immense pressure. In essence, the activities of over six billion people in the world are threatening the survival and quality of water found in the oceans, lakes and other inland water catchment areas. Water pollution is a human problem that is constantly threatening the lives and livelihoods of many people around the world. Ra pid population growths accompanied by increased industrial and technological development have significantly contributed to the pollution of the available water bodies. With the world’s population hitting a record high of over eight billion occupants, the popular belief that the oceans were too big to be polluted is arguably disputable considering the recent events and human activities that have greatly contributed to the pollution of our oceans as well as other water bodies. In as much as the ocean waters cannot be consumed directly by human beings, the waters provide a home for many a fish species and marine life which are facing extinction due to pollution. This statement leads us to the most crucial questions. What is ocean pollution? How does it happen? What are the effects of ocean pollution to man and the marine life? What solutions can be used to address this issue? And what recommendations can be implemented to supplement the solutions in finding lasting resolves to t his issue? Over the years, researchers have dedicated most of their time, efforts and resources to find answers to these questions. This study shall review relevant literature and present an informative report on how ocean pollution has over the decades affected human and marine life. The main focus shall be on the effects of this type of water pollution to the fishing industry. Introduction In the wake of the past century, man began to acknowledge the fragile balance that existed between him and the environment. In the course of the previous two centuries, man’s industrialization efforts offset the balance that had been maintained between him and the climatic conditions that prevailed.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Detrimental practices such as deforestation, air and water pollution began to rise and consequently posed a threat to mankind’s own survival. These malevolen t practices could chiefly be attributed to the rise in the global population accompanied by rapid technological advancement which was characterized by all manner of pollution. The consequences that have risen as a result of neglecting to take care of the environment have now become a reality to the whole of mankind. This status quo has forced environmental issues to take a center stage in man’s life as can be exhibited by the recently held Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. Nations have come together and put a valuable effort to restore, maintain and manage their respective eco systems. In light of the importance with which environmental conservation is regarded, this research shall explore in detail the various aspects that impact our oceans negatively. A brief history of ocean pollution shall be presented and the causes and effects of ocean pollution addressed. Viable solutions to this problem shall be discussed and supplementary suggestions as to how best the problem can be mitigated shall also be recommended. To this end, an informative discussion on this issue shall be presented with all the while giving an overview on how ocean pollution has affected life in the fishing industry. What is ocean pollution? As Ostopowich (2010) explains, ocean pollution often refers to a situation whereby one or more contaminants build up in the oceans to an extent that they cause problems to both people and marine life that depends on the oceans for survival. Basically, ocean pollution is primarily man-made and can therefore be defined as the degradation of quality of oceanic water due to excess human activities (Ostopowich, 2010). Water is a very unique element. It has various characteristics that help it clean of any impurities that it comes in contact with through diffusion, filtration, evaporation and chemical breakdown of contaminant to an extent that they cannot be harmful. With this in mind, the question that is left wanting is: considering these unique characteristics of water, why is ocean pollution so rife today? Goel (2006) claims that rapid population growth which led to increased industrialization, globalization and the need for more room for expansion is to blame.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ocean pollution and the fishing industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that water is self healing, the process requires a lot of time. However, due to increased human activities, the oceans are under constant pressure and are overly charged with the duty of diffusing and decontaminating toxic substances that result from man’s industrial efforts (Kumar, 2004). As such, the ocean’s capability to handle waste has been greatly overwhelmed leading to the now visible oceanic pollution. Problem Statement The fishing industry is a very important sector of many economies across the world. Its role in socioeconomic growth cannot be unders tated. However, in the past few decades, a series of unfortunate events and issues have attacked this once so successful sector. Among the primary problems affecting this industry is ocean pollution. Man’s ambitious nature accompanied by globalization has led to the rapid expansion of the industrial, technological and agricultural sectors in an unprecedented rate. These advancements though important to man’s survival have affected the environment and various ecosystems detrimentally. Toxic wastes, excessive CO2 emissions and chemical substances emanating from man’s activities have found their way into the oceans and other water sources (Calhoun, 2005). Consequently, they have affected the aquatic life by either killing the animals and plants that depend on the waters or disrupting their life and reproductive cycles. To this effect, the number of harvestable species has decreased significantly thereby threatening the survival and successful continuation of the fi shing industry. Purpose statement The aim of this study shall be to evaluate the extent to which ocean pollution has affected the fishing industry. To achieve this, pollution as a whole shall be defined and described. The various types of water pollution shall be addressed and the causes of pollution shall also be presented. There after, a discussion pertaining to the effects of these pollutants shall be presented and viable solutions to the pollution problem highlighted. All this shall aim at providing detailed explanations as to how various pollutions interlink and affect aquatic life and subsequently, the fishing industry. Brief history of ocean pollution Pollution has been in existence since the wake of time. Every human activity no matter how minute has a direct effect on the environment. As mentioned earlier, water takes up a significant percentage of the earth’s surface. Bocknek (2004) states that in the earlier centuries, mans activities were restricted to the land an d rarely did they come into contact with the water bodies which were primarily used as a source of food and a medium for transportation.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unknown to him, early man was eco friendly. The materials and machinery used did little damage to the oceans and could easily be reversed. It should be noted that pollution is all about quantities. However, at the dawn of the industrialization era, man’s activities in search for civilization increased significantly. This accompanied by the rapid population growth and technological advancements started to exert an unprecedented amounts of pressure on the waters. Today, man’s activities in terms of transportation, trade, business and discharging of toxic substances depend on the oceans in one way or the other. The use of machineries to promote efficiency and boost productivity has only made the situation worse. The only surprise is that despite the numerous warnings and signs provided by nature, man still persists on with more aggression. To this effect, ocean pollution today has increased by more than 15 times of what it used to be less than a century ago. Problems in t he global fishing industry The fishing industry has been noted to generate an income of over $70 billion dollar. USA International Business Publications (2009) state that the fishing industry employs more than one million people in terms of fishermen, crew members and fish traders. In total, the fishing industry harbors more than 37,000 industrial ships and an estimated 12 million small-boat fishermen contribute to a significant amount of fish products available in the markets today. These small-boat fishermen are highly valuable because their collective annual harvest is equivalent to that yielded by the industrial ships (World Bank, 2003). Water pollution has however led to a situation whereby the annual harvest of fish from the industry has been constantly decreasing over the years. With this in mind, it is safe to say that the existence and survival of this multibillion industry lies on very shaky grounds due to the increased pollution of the water bodies. A recent example of th e adverse effects that pollution have on marine life is the over spill of oil within the Gulf Coast that completely blanketed the ocean for a considerable amount of time. This incidence is just one among many other forms of water pollution that have in the recent past affected the livelihoods and lives of the people, plants and animals that depend on the waters for survival. Ostopowich (2010) states that the Gulf Coast is one of the richest region in the fishing industry as it has a wide variety of fish, shrimps and oysters that are exported all over the world. The spill drifted all the way to the Mississippi Delta that is almost five miles away from Gulf. Speculations have it that the adverse effects of the spill will continue to be felt for years to come. Oil spills are dangerous because they blanket the water surface thereby making it difficult for sun rays to penetrate. In addition, oil spills inhibit the exchange of oxygen or carbon dioxide which is essential to the survival cy cle of marine life. According to Bocknek (2004), exposure of fish eggs and fingerlings to oil spills and other pollutants has detrimental long term effects on them. Whenever fish sense a change in their environment, they often opt to migrate in search of the optimum conditions. Consequently, this disrupts their life and breeding cycles. This unwarranted migration has led to the death of many fish mainly due to infections, being preyed upon and abandonment of eggs which die off due to lack of a favorable environment for breeding. Due to this sad state of affairs, fishermen are forced to overfish from the little that is left. This in turn does not give the remaining fish a chance to repopulate thereby leading to the current situation whereby the demand of fish in the global market far outweighs the supply. Fish larvae are highly affected by water pollutants and experience deformities and some times end up dying at a very young age. What should be noted in this case is that fish larvae play a pivotal role in maintaining the balance between plant and animal life in the water bodies. As Goel (2006) states, they are consumed by other fish and they in turn consume much of the bacteria that if left unchecked may have negative effects on the water bodies. With this disruption of their life cycle, the fish population is greatly reduced and the life of the already existing species is under constant threat of extinction. On the same note, Arber (2001) states that fish can be displaced due to oil spills. The author gives an example of the Atlantic bluefin tuna which gather in the gulf to reproduce before heading back to their original birth place. Consequently, this species of fish is forced to find new habitats which are often unknown to the fishermen depending on these fishes for their livelihood. USA International Business Publications (2009) support this statement by stating that fishermen rely on their expertise as well as the habitual traits of the fish for success. They know where a particular species can be found and the best time to harvest the fish. However, these abrupt changes in fish behavior due to pollution have only made the life and work of the fishermen harder. In some occasions, the fish often eat floating plantations algae and bacteria from the sea surface. However, due to pollutants such as oil spills and chemical substances, the fish often end up getting contaminated. This has been very problematic because fishermen are now required by law to have their harvest tested before sending the caught fish into the market. Considering that fish is perishable, the fishermen end up incurring extra costs in preservation and quality assurance processes. Waste disposal has been documented by Bocknek (2004)as a major hurdle in the fishing industry. Most human beings have a tendency of throwing their rubbish and dirt into the water bodies and drainage systems assuming that they will be drained away to a better place. Fishermen and other member s of the shipping industry pollute the waters through the disposal of cargo waste, plastic as well as noise emanating from their ships and machineries. The presence of such pollutants has serious impacts on the fish life and has contributed to the migration and death of many fishes. Arber (2001), states that radioactive substances are not only harmful to human beings but also to fishes and marine life. Radioactive substances can be classified into three categories namely; high-level waste that are small volumes of highly active products from the processing of fuel, intermediates-level waste which are waste products that need continuous follow up and assessment but do not remove high levels of heat and finally, the low level waste which is water that is a little contaminated and can be dealt with without much precaution. The author reiterates that the most common channels through which radioactive materials can access the body is through ingestion, breathing or absorption. These radi oactive substances affect the fish, kills them leading to the decreased amounts of fish in the markets and oceans. Kumar (2004) suggests that in most occasions, fishes get contaminated indirectly. He explains that this happens when the food they eat is contaminated. Radioactive materials as well as most metallic elements are absorbed by the algae, plants and other sources of food. As such, when the fish consume these foods, they end up absorbing the pollutants thereby getting contaminated. Continuous absorption of these substances contaminates the fish meat and at times may have serious health implications to the humans that enjoy eating fish. Today, due to excessive pollution, the quality of fish meat is under serious scrutiny and people opt for other forms of meat in fear for their health. This accompanied by the ban on fishing due to pollution in some areas has greatly affected the lives of the fishermen and the whole fishing industry. Water pollution has also affected the reprod uction cycles and systems of fish and other forms of marine life. This can be attributed to the fact that most of the pollutants affect the fish variably. For example, Kumar (2004) states that radioactive and metallic elements if ingested over a long period of time may lead to sterility among the fish. The eggs need to be fertilized if more fingerlings are to be produced. However, if the reproductive capabilities of the fish are hampered, then the amount of fish will continue to decline. In addition, unwanted mutations and general behavioral change has been observed within the fishes and the marine life due to excessive exposure to radioactive substances and other pollutants. Types of ocean/water pollution To further understand pollution, researchers have classified the types of pollution that affect the available water bodies. According to Burk (2005), these classifications have been instrumental in determining the various causes and effects that can emanate from a specific type of water pollution and how best the problem can be addressed on a more specific level. Earth’s water resources are often perceived by many as the surface water seen as lakes, oceans, rivers and other water catchment areas. These are therefore called surface waters. Burk (2005), states that the most obvious pollution affects these waters. He claims that they are obvious because the extent of pollution can readily be seen on the water surface. For example, oil spills can cover a large area of the waters and affect the life resources within that area, garbage and non-biodegradable substances disposed by man into the water bodies can be seen on the surface and have an adverse effect on the lives of the humans, animals, and plants that depend on the water bodies for survival. However, not all of the water sits on the surface. A great amount of water is hidden underground. Bocknek (2004) explains that water is transported underground from the oceans, lakes and rivers through rock str uctures called aquifers. These aquifers contribute to a significant amount of clean water that we use in our homes. Nevertheless, underground water is polluted by the excessive chemicals that are used in the agricultural sector, and homes. For example, Kumar (2004) reiterates that the weed killers used by individuals to tend to their gardens often drain into the ground where they contaminate the underground waters. The author states that in as much as this type of pollution is not visible, it still presents a serious threat to life resources. He further supports his statements by citing the Lowa study conducted in 1966 which indicated that over a half of the underground water in this region was contaminated by weed killers and other agrochemicals. How does this affect the oceans? The underground waters drain into the rivers which in turn often end up in the oceans and other water bodies. If such water constantly drains into these water bodies, they ultimately pollute the oceans over time thereby affecting the marine life therein. Other than these two types of pollution, there is also the point-source pollution and the nonpoint-source pollution. According to Birch Wachter (2008), point-source refers to the pollution that emanates from a direct and single source. Examples of this type of pollution include but are not limited to: direct pipes that discharge waste from factories into the oceans, oil spills from tankers and ocean-based oil rigs and runoff wash water from home based activities. As Smith et al assert, the chemicals used to wash the cars accompanied by the oil, gasoline and grease extracts that are removed during car washing presents potential environmental pollutants. The results compiled from the Residential carwash water monitoring study of Federal way support the findings of the Puget Sound Partnership 2008 Action Agenda. The Action Agenda also points out that majority of the pollutants getting into the rivers, lakes and marine waters around Puge t Sound came from various pathways. Surface water runoff was highlighted as the primary transportation route for the main contaminants. As documented in the final report, the most concentrated contaminants came from the developed lands (residential and commercial estates). This study simply highlighted how the situation is thereby emphasizing on the need to take action in regards to car washing as a root cause of water pollution in this area. Causes of ocean pollution Ocean pollution does not necessarily need to be direct. According to Miller Spoolman (2008), experts on climate agree that there is need to mitigate climatic change so as to ensure that the adverse effects of climatic change do not become a reality. While there is no single solution to deal with this problem, one of the most effective means to achieve this is the taking of measures to diminish green house gases by lowering the consumption of fossil fuels (USA International Business Publications, 2009). This is because the gases emitted by fossil fuels are the major cause of global warming. Developed countries make up the major consumers of fossil fuels with statistics from the National Energy Foundation stating that the US alone accounted for 26% of the total world consumption of coal, oil and natural gas as of 1999. From this figures, it is clear that the US is a key player in the emission of GHGs. As such, for any policy to be effective, it would be imperative that the US to be a participant. These gas emissions lead to atmospheric pollution which in turn contributes to acid rain. This type of pollution is wide spread and very problematic because if it is not mitigated at the source, the chain reaction that follows cannot be prevented or stopped. The acid rain pours into the oceans and contaminates the water body leading to the rapid growth of bacteria and kills aquatic life. As Miller Spoolman (2008) state, the fishing industry is failing not because of overfishing, but due to the increased water pollution that is prevalent in today’s society. Harrison (2001), states that biodegradable waste contributes to a significant amount of water pollution. The author reiterates that these types of waste include wastes emanating from both humans and animals. When the biodegradable waste finds its way into the water bodies (oceans, lakes and rivers), they create organic carbon which is a source of energy for bacteria. Over time, carbon dioxide is formed from the organic carbons. Harrison (2001), states that excessive carbon dioxide lead to air pollution and acid rains which are very problematic to contain and control. In addition, the author states that an increase in organic matter in the oceans leads to a situation where aerobic bacteria multiply faster. Since this type of bacteria are consume oxygen, the oxygen levels in the oceans decrease significantly and consequently, aquatic life is hampered and killed because marine life depends greatly on the oxygen in the water f or survival. Another cause of ocean pollution is chemical substances and nutrients. According to Burk (2005), plant nutrients drains into the water through the sewer systems and runoffs. Phosphates and nitrates have been documented as the leading contaminants of water (Mooney et al, 2008). In as much as these chemicals are natural, statistics presented by the EPA indicated that over 80% of nitrates and 75% of phosphates that are found in the waters are man-made. So, how do these chemicals cause pollution? Livingston (2005), states that a high concentration of these chemicals in the water leads to algal bloom. Algae smells and looks bad and at the same time, are a potential health hazard. In addition, these chemicals have been known to affect marine life and lower the oxygen levels in the waterways. In addition, the author claims that nonylphenol surfactants have the ability to change the sex of fish and that the phosphates presents an environment where algae flourish. In the event t hat this happens, weeds and bacteria grow and spread faster. Consequently, the decomposing plants consume most of the oxygen in the water thereby interrupting aquatic life, lessen aquatic biodiversity and even kill aquatic life. It should be noted that the process of plant decomposition (eutrophication) occurs over a lengthy period (thousands of years). The process enables the water body to enrich itself with nutrients which support marine life. However, pollution disrupts this process and makes it happen over 1,000 times faster. This means that oxygen is consumed faster than expected leading to the death of aquatic life. Heat has also been documented as a major source of water pollution. The earth’s temperature is on the rise. As the earth is getter hotter and hotter, so does the water temperatures. As the general water temperature increases, dissolved oxygen reduces significantly. Birch Wachter (2008), state that thermal pollution can either be natural or man-made. Hot spr ings and geysers are example of natural causes while the dispensation of water that has been used to cool down machineries and power plants represent man-made pollution. According to Birch Wachter (2008), aquatic life requires certain temperatures and levels of oxygen to thrive and survive. As such, heat causes a serious problem to the lives of the plants and fish in the water and may lead to their deaths thereby reducing the available number to be fished or harvested. Another cause of water pollution is sediments. Sediments refer to the organic matter and solid minerals that are wash or blow into the water sources. McKinney (2007), states that sediment pollution is often very difficult to spot because it emanates from various sources. The author states that; â€Å"Each year, water sources in the United States are polluted by over one billion tones of sediment (McKinney, 2007).† Though unknown to many, Sediment have been known to suffocate marine life and can cause water to be turbid. Turbid water is detrimental because it absorbs more solar radiation leading to thermal pollution. Most of the toxic wastes that invade our environment are human-made. In most cases, these hazardous and toxic chemicals are not used in the right manner or disposed of correctly. Examples supporting this statement include point-source pollutants such as factory and cargo waste as well as oil spills from tankers and ocean based oil rigs. Point sources of chemical pollution include industrial discharges and oil spills. As Alvord (2000) reiterates, home based practices involve the use of excessive water and chemicals. However, if the practices are not regulated, they lead to a situation where the water used ends up polluting the runoff and storm drains. This can in turn have negative environmental impacts on both the quality and quantity of water resources. The United States-based Natural Resources Defense Council (2000) equates the level of water pollution in urban and suburban storm water runoff to that experienced from sewage plants and large factories. The council claims that the drainage systems and storm water runoffs collect the toxic waste and other pollutants that flow into them and discharge them into the water resources where they affect the fish and other marine life. They further emphasize that the toxic chemicals and pollutants left on roads, driveways, and gardens are deposited directly into local waterways without being treated Livingston (2005). This pollution can have negative effects on ecosystem functions and biological diversity, as well as social aspects such as public health, recreation, and general community well-being (Livingston, 2005). As such, the environmental issues caused by the increasing volumes of pollutants being flushed down our drains, creeks and rivers, into recreational waterways and the sea, have forced us to acknowledge the detrimental impacts of conventional urbanization practices and the need for change (Livingsto n, 2005). Radioactive pollutants have also presented a serious threat to marine life and the fishing industry at large. They include wastes that emanate from health care facilities, industries and mines. In addition, Canter Knox (1985), state that some radioactive pollutants such as radon are created naturally. These pollutants are very dangerous and hard to do away with because it takes a very long time for any form of radioactive pollutant to cease being effective. In regards to the topic under discussion, radioactive pollutants have led to the death of many sea animals as well as the disruption of their life and reproductive cycles. Consequently, the number of fish has declined thereby creating scarcity and other related problems in the fishing industry. Another source of water pollution has been noted to be pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Products in this category include medicines, lotions, gels and soaps that people use to maintain their beauty and take ca re of their skins. As Brebbia et al (2006) state, only recently, has it been discovered that most of these products work as hormonal disrupters. The author explains that the synthetic hormones that are in these products impede the full functionality of natural hormones in animals, especially aquatic life. Like any other form of pollution, these products often drain into the water sources through the drainage system and when people go to swim and have fun in the ocean. Solutions In its bid to reduce the pollution levels, the government has put various strategies in place. A significant policy is that of Tax rebates which is offered to all industries that adopt eco friendly practices. This move by the government will reduce industrial emissions as well as the level of toxic wastes that get into our oceans by a wide margin since industrial fumes are some of the biggest causes of air pollution. In addition to this, all industries should be encouraged by law to plant trees which acts as carbon sinks thus reducing pollution levels. In so doing, the adverse effects that air pollution have on our oceans will greatly be reduced and aquatic life will be restored. Over the years, it has been suggested that new architectural designs can help retard global warming. As such, the government must enforce the set laws which stipulate that new industrial, commercial and residential houses should be built using materials compliant with the new environmental laws. More effective and efficient water and waste treatment methods have also been developed and it is a prerequisite to have them installed before starting up any industry. Citizens are also encouraged to use the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) model as part of their contribution towards a greener State. Mooney et al (2008) assert that individuals can do a lot on their own to reduce the carbon footprint. Throughout the world, the level of electricity consumption is increasing every day. It is therefore important that t hey adjust their lifestyle if they are to meet the stipulated limits. This can be done by switching to less energy consuming light bulbs, using public means of transport as compared to personal vehicles, switching back to fans rather than using air conditioners, using LCD and plasma screens instead of tube televisions. To curb water pollution, dish washers can be employed instead of hand washing thereby reducing water wastage. Using the shower instead of the bath tub has been known to reduce Co2 emissions. In so doing, the level of pollution will have reduced significantly and the effects of these pollutants on our oceans will be minimal thereby giving the marine life a chance to repopulate. The industrial sector is notable the chief polluter in almost all countries. As such, any change in this sector no matter how small can spell a big difference to the overall reduction of carbon emission. Shifting to more eco friendly equipments that use less fuel is one of the notable ways in wh ich industries can make a difference. Industries that employ the use of boilers should install smoke density meters which check on the levels of smoke emitted into the air thereby creating a means through which these harmful emissions can be regulated (Mooney et al, 2008). Implementation of a decentralization program can also help greatly reduce both vehicular and industrial pollution. This is because decentralization calls for the spreading out of industries as opposed to having them concentrated in one area. On the same note, potentially pollutant industries such chemical plants, sawmills, ship repairing, cement manufacturing should be located to either the seaward side or offshore side of the island in order to reduce water pollution. In addition to the above measures, the government can also initiate tree planting program, encourage establishment of parks, offer funds to green groups and agencies which help find solutions to environmental issues. An increase in taxation on vehic les that are â€Å"gas guzzlers† can also aid in the battle to reduce green house gases emissions. Brebbia et al (2006) reiterate that industrialization no matter how important posses a great threat to our environment if left unchecked. It is therefore in the best interest of everyone if the government adopts means to monitors the rates of industrialization and applies stringent rules and laws in matters concerning preservation of the environment. Proponents of the Kyoto protocol are adamant in their stand that it is industrial pollutants that are responsible for the climatic havoc that is experienced. Their proposed solution is a reduction in emissions by the industries in accordance with the Kyoto policies. While there is truth in these assertions, the proponents fail to consider that there are many other means by which to curtail GHG emissions. This is a view which is also held by Burk (2005) who declares that there is not single formula for dealing with global warming and pollution. The Kyoto Protocol’s overemphasis on industries as the major cause of pollution is the reason why the developing countries are omitted from the bid to alleviate the condition since they are deemed to be minor players in the industrial field. The USA is the leading industrial power in the country and for this reason; proponents view the failure by the US to endorse the Kyoto protocol as a blow to the efforts of mitigating climate change. Hassan et al (2005) note that aside from the large scale efforts to limit CO2 emissions, individuals can do a lot on their own to reduce the carbon footprint. This is because the end consumer is the one who utilized electricity and drives vehicles that also contribute to GHG emissions. A change in the lifestyle of the individual can therefore make a big impact on the environment. The Kyoto protocol fails to take this into consideration the impact that citizens of developing countries can make to the climate change efforts. China fo r example boasts of the world’s largest population. Neglecting to consider the impact that its citizens might have if they are forced to make changes that are healthy to the environment would be a faulty move. Adoption of the Kyoto protocols is therefore a viable solution since it will ensure that all countries play an equal role in safeguarding the environment against various pollutants that threaten aquatic life. The time and money spent by multinational corporations in lobbying for softer legislations on the use of CFCs would be better spent on research of cheap and safe alternatives. The belief that such alternatives would be too expensive is aimed at discoursing opponents on the use of CFCs. There are existing scientifically proven alternatives for CFCs but the big players have blatantly refused to embrace these choices. According to Wood et al (2000), alternatives for some of the substances (e.g. Freon) that cause water pollutions have already been found. However, the a uthors point out that the prices of these substitutes may be slightly higher than those of the original product. This is because technological innovations are allowing the recycling of chemicals removable from used up refrigeration units and air conditioners The shifts to these alternatives will save these industries millions of dollars in the future. It is a fact that consumers will have to deal with high initial costs of the new technology; it is also obvious that this cost would be minimal in comparison to earth without the protective cover or aquatic life. Effects of the use of CFCs not only affect the third world. The United States and China have not been spared with hurricanes and floods taking toll on these two nations respectively. In addition, the significant drop in revenue from the fishing industry as well as the decline in the availability of fish indicates that something ought to be done to address this issue of pollution. It is good news to note that action is being ta ken to reduce the effects of CFCs, in both global and national fronts; each and every individual has a role to play in conserving the environment and reduce pollution. Miller Spoolman (2008) state that consumers can form the first group of environmentalists by combating the use of these chemicals by shunning products composed of chlorine, phosphate, nitrate and nonylphenol surfactants compounds. Consumers should have their air conditioning hoses properly fitted and certified by qualified personnel to avoid leaks of CFCs into the atmosphere. Furthermore, they can take their governments to task on proper guidelines regarding the disposal of air conditioning and coolants. In real fact, the most important weapon we have as individuals is education. In so doing, pollution will decrease and marine life will have a fighting chance for survival and repopulation. Knowledge based solutions to our problems are so far the best techniques Goudie (2006). An informed society is likely to understa nd the consequences of its actions and as such use this knowledge to solve its challenges that it faces daily Individuals must raise their level of interest in environmental issues higher than it stands today. The fact is that few people know about pollution leave alone their knowledge on its effects is a grim statistic (Goudie, 2006). Furthermore, few people are aware of the role of the ozone layer, water basins and atmospheric soundness. In response to these sad realities, few people are thus aware of heath risks they are exposed to by the use of these chemicals. Education and awareness still remain the central keys to a healthy future generation of our world (Harrison, 2001). The author suggests that human nature has a tendency to overlook the problems that do not affect an individual directly. Just relax and take a picture of the earth brown and withered, without the beauty of the green vegetation, and completely barren. This remains the future of our beloved planet Earth, compl etely brought to destruction by man- the most intelligent creature in existence. When that time comes, there will be no choice of repair. Conclusion The oceans and other water resources have over the years proved to be valuable sources of income, livelihood, food and transport to the human race. However, man’s lack of concern for these resources is increasingly turning into a cause for worry. Over fishing and pollution brought about by man’s activity are affecting the quality of water in these sources all the while impacting negatively on the animal and plant life that depend on these waters for survival. The fishing industry has also learned the hard way that preservation of the water sources is the only key to success in this trade. Low quality fish as well as a decline in the annual volume of fish harvests have in the recent past characterized this once so successful industry. This study has in detail described the environmental situation that exists in our water so urces. Pollution has been noted as a threat to existence and various aspects of pollution have been discussed. Examples of water pollutants such as oil spills, radioactive and chemical substances and industrial wastes have been documented as the leading sources of ocean pollution. How these pollutants affect aquatic life has also been discussed and the ripple effects of the same to the fishing industry highlighted. While it has been observed that the many nations are indeed directing efforts to mitigate pollution by conforming to the required standards stipulated by the global community, there is still much more that can be done to even better the current scores. It has also been established that the vision for a greener environment can only be realized if the public and private sectors come and work together as a team. Solutions and recommendations have also been made as to how the government and the citizens can contribute in this important task of reducing pollution in future. If implemented, these changes no matter how little will at the end make a vast difference in the lives of many people as well as the ecological balance that supports such existence. It is therefore upon each person to foresee that they fulfill their roles in this quest in order to secure a greener and safer future not only for future generations, but also for the animal and plant life that depend on the ecosystems for survival. References Alvord, K. T. (2000). Divorce your car! ending the love affair with the automobile. USA: New Society Publishers. Arber, N. (2001). Geography matters: Foundation. LA: Heinemann. Bagad, A. (2009). Environmental Science Engineering. NY: Technical Publications. Birch, E., Wachter, S. (2008). Growing greener cities: urban sustainability in the twenty-first century. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. Bocknek, J. (2004). World Fishing. USA: Black Rabbit Books. Brebbia, C. A., Antunes do Carmo, J. S. (2006). Water pollution VIII: modeling, mo nitoring and management. USA: WIT Press. Burk, A. (2005). Water pollution: new research. LA: Nova Science Publishers. Canter, L. W., Knox, R. (1985) Ground water pollution control. CA: Lewis Publishers. Calhoun, Y. (2005). Water Pollution. FL: Infobase Publishing. Goel, P.K. (2006). Water Pollution – Causes, Effects Control. NY: New Age International Goudie, A. (2006). The human impact on the natural environment: past, present, and future. CA: Wiley-Blackwell. Harrison, R. (2001). Pollution: causes, effects and control. USA: Royal Society of Chemistry. Hassan, R., Scholes, R., Ash, N. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends: findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. USA: Island Press. Kumar, A. (2004). Water pollution. CA: APH Publishing. Livingston, J. (2005). Trends in water pollution research. LA: Nova Publishers. McKinney, M., Schoch, R., Yonavjak, L. (2007). Environmental science: systems and solutions. USA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Miller, G., Spoolman, S. ( 2008). Sustaining the Earth: an integrated approach. NY: Cengage Learning. Mooney, L., Knox, D., Schacht, C. (2008). Understanding Social Problems. NY: Cengage Learning. Natural Resources Defense Council. (2005). The problem of urban storm water pollution 2000. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/issues/water-pollution. Ostopowich, M. (2010). Water Pollution. USA: Weigl Pub Inc. USA International Business Publications. (2009). Global Fishing Industry Handbook. Michigan: Intl Business Pubns USA. Wood, A., Stedman-Edwards, P., Mang, J. (2000).The root causes of biodiversity loss. NY: Earthscan. World Bank. (2003). World Development Indicators 2003. USA: World Bank Publications. This essay on Ocean pollution and the fishing industry was written and submitted by user Byron Kennedy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Komodo Dragon Facts

Komodo Dragon Facts The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest lizard on the face of the Earth today. An ancient species of reptile, it first appeared on the planet more than 100 million years ago- though it was not known to Western science until 1912. Prior to that time, it was known in the West only through rumors of dragon-like lizard living in the Lesser Sunda Islands of the Pacific. Fast Facts: Komodo Dragon Scientific Name: Varanus komodoensisCommon Name(s): Komodo dragon, Komodo monitorBasic Animal Group:  ReptileSize:  6 to 10 feet  Weight: 150–360 poundsLifespan: Up to 30 years  Diet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  Specific Indonesian islandsConservation  Status:  Vulnerable   Description Full-grown Komodo dragons typically grow to six to 10 feet and can weigh 150 pounds- though individual specimens can be as heavy as 350 pounds. They are dull brown, dark grey, or reddish in color, while juveniles are green with yellow and black stripes. Komodo dragons are massive and powerful-looking with bowed legs and muscular tails. Their heads are long and flat, and their snouts are rounded. Their scaly skin is usually a combination of sand-color and gray, providing good camouflage. When in motion, they roll back and forth; at the same time, their yellow tongues flick in and out of their mouths. Jamie Lamb - elusive-images.co.uk/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Komodo dragons have the smallest home range of any large predator: They live on certain small Indonesian islands of the Lesser Sunda group, including Rintja, Padar, Gila Motang, and Flores, and Komodo, in habitats ranging from beaches to forests to ridge tops. Diet and Behavior Komodo  dragons will eat almost any kind of meat, including both live animals and carrion. Smaller, younger dragons eat small lizards, snakes, and birds, while adults prefer monkeys, goats, and deer. They are also cannibalistic. These lizards are the apex predators of their Indonesian island ecosystems; they occasionally capture live prey by hiding in vegetation and ambushing their victims, although they usually prefer to scavenge already-dead animals. (In fact, the giant size of the Komodo dragon can be explained by its island ecosystem: Like the  long-extinct Dodo Bird, this lizard has no natural predators.) Komodo dragons have good vision and adequate hearing, but rely mostly on their acute sense of smell to detect potential prey; these lizards are also equipped with long, yellow, deeply-forked tongues and sharp serrated teeth, and their rounded snouts, strong limbs, and muscular tails also come in handy when targeting their dinner (Not to mention when dealing with others of their own kind: When Komodo dragons encounter one another in the wild, the dominant individual, usually the largest male, prevails.) Hungry Komodo dragons have been known to run at speeds topping 10 miles per hour, at least for short stretches, making them some of the fastest lizards on the planet. Mi. Sha/Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring The Komodo dragon mating season spans the months of July and August. In September, the females dig egg chambers, in which they lay clutches of up to 30 eggs. The mom-to-be covers her eggs with leaves and then lies over the nest to warm the eggs until they hatch, which requires an unusually long gestation period of seven or eight months. The newborn hatchlings are vulnerable to predation by birds, mammals, and even adult Komodo dragons; for this reason the young scamper up into trees, where an arboreal lifestyle provides them refuge from their natural enemies until they are large enough to defend themselves. Conservation Status Komodo dragons are listed as Vulnerable.  According to the San Diego Zoos website: One study estimated the population of Komodo dragons within Komodo National Park to be 2,405. Another study estimated between 3,000 and 3,100 individuals. On the much larger island of Flores, which is outside the National Park, the number of dragons has been estimated from 300 to 500 animals. While the population is more or less stable, Komodo habitat is continuing to shrink due to increasing human encroachment. Komodo Dragon Venom There has been some controversy about the presence of venom, or the lack of it, in the Komodo dragons saliva. In 2005, researchers in Australia suggested that Komodo dragons (and other monitor lizards) have mildly venomous bites, which can result in swelling, shooting pains, and disruption of blood clotting, at least in human victims; however, this theory has yet to be widely accepted. Theres also the possibility that the saliva of Komodo dragons transmits harmful bacteria, which would breed on the rotting bits of flesh wedged between this reptiles teeth. This wouldnt make the Komodo dragon anything special, though; for decades there has been speculation about the septic bites inflicted by meat-eating dinosaurs! Sources â€Å"Komodo Dragon.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 24 Sept. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/k/komodo-dragon/.â€Å"Komodo Dragon.†Ã‚  San Diego Zoo Global Animals and Plants, animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/komodo-dragon.â€Å"Komodo Dragon.†Ã‚  Smithsonians National Zoo, 9 July 2018, nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/komodo-dragon.

Shore It Up

Shore It Up Shore It Up Shore It Up By Maeve Maddox Reading an advice article about the writing of historical fiction, I came across what I assume is an eggcorn for the idiom â€Å"to shore up.† eggcorn: the reshaping of a common word or expression in a way that makes sense to the speaker. The person writing the article drew an analogy between the construction of Machu Picchu and the research that underpins an effective historical novel: [The Incan builders] started at the base of the mountain, and built terraces all the way to the top to sure up the mountain. The writing instructor then compares this physical foundation work to the writing of a novel: Writing historical fiction is much like building Machu Picchu. You want your novel to stand the test of time and that means doing the historical research to â€Å"sure it up.†    Never until then had I come across the expression â€Å"to sure up† in the context of stabilizing, strengthening, or reinforcing something. The conventional idiom is â€Å"to shore up.† As a verb, to shore or to shore up means to prop something up. For example, one might shore up a sagging gate to keep it from scraping the ground. A tunnel might be shored with concrete. The verb shore derives from a noun that referred to a piece of timber or iron that was set against a building or a ship to prevent it from falling while it was being worked on. In modern usage, anything can be used to shore something up. One might shore up a wall by packing earth along the bottom. The verb is used literally in the context of building, reinforcing, or repairing structures: Anticipating a storm, the villagers shored up the sea-wall. The first step is to remove the boards and inspect the post. If its also soft and rot-infested, youll have to shore up the roof temporarily and install a new post thats treated to resist rot. A Web search reveals a quantity of examples of â€Å"sure up† in contexts that call for â€Å"shore up†: PANTHERS – Staying Hungry and Suring Up the Defense   The return of the big man  sures up  the middle of the offense. Prosecutors could use the videotaped interrogations to  sure up their argument  that a confession was genuine. One of the ways to  sure up  your home’s  foundation  is with Helical Piers installed. The use of â€Å"sure up† for â€Å"shore up† is still relatively rare. It flat-lines on the Ngram Viewer, and a Web search for the terms in quotation marks yields 4,670,000 results for â€Å"shore up† compared to 365,000 for â€Å"sure up.† Here are examples of the idiom â€Å"shore up† used correctly in a variety of contexts: How Bobby Wagner’s speed shored up the Seahawks’ defense Prosecutors had asked for the phone and bank records in a last ditch attempt to find evidence to shore up their case.   The bulk of the Snyder increase did not go directly to the schools; it went to shore up the underfunded teachers’ pension fund.   The Federal Reserve’s trillion-dollar effort to shore up the U.S. economy is likely to come to an end in October [2014]. Use your analytic skills to understand [your critic’s] position and to shore up your confidence in your own approach. At first, I thought that all the examples of â€Å"sure up† were incorrect versions of â€Å"shore up,† but I’ve decided that a few are being used with the meaning â€Å"to make sure.† Here is an instance of the latter: Coal supply chain partners in the Hunter Valley have struck a long-awaited agreement to sure up coal producing contracts. The headline above the sentence holds the clue that â€Å"shore up† is not intended: Historic agreement reached in long-running Hunter Valley coal chain dispute, providing certainty on contracts Bottom line: If what you mean is â€Å"to strengthen,† the idiom is â€Å"to shore up.† If what you mean is â€Å"make sure,† the idiom is â€Å"to make sure† or â€Å"to make certain.† Here are some other words that may be used to express the idea of â€Å"making sure† or â€Å"making certain† of something: check confirm ensure assure verify Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.Confused Words #3: Lose, Loose, LossDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

The British Welfare State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The British Welfare State - Essay Example This essay deals with the British Welfare State, the influences and personalities that brought it about its origins, development, problems and benefits. It looks at such things as legislation and the reports on which such laws are based. In particular it considers the inequalities the welfare state sought to redress, but also point out inequalities in more recent years, and the possible reasons behind these. This essay will deal with the British Welfare System and the inequalities it sought to remedy in such areas as education, employment opportunities, justice and health. The United Kingdom is a state in which centralised government , and the legislation it produces, directs its welfare system to a great extent. However, although one state, it is not one country. This means, especially since the setting up of separate parliaments that legislation and therefore provision and available services in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as well as in England will differ to some extent. A lso there is no one ‘Welfare State Ministry’. The Cabinet office for instance is responsible for public service reform, the Treasury for finances, and there are of course numerous othe rinvovled departemnts and agencies. This means that in some cases inequalities are built into the governmantal system. However reasons for inequalities are many and varied , and not just linked to legislation. This essay will consider the failures as well as the positive attributes of such a system , and why these occurred and continue to do so. It will look briefly at the history and origins of the present system and its gradual development. It will consider problems that have arisen and why these occurred. One of the initial problems is perhaps the definition of inequality within society. Is it to do with equality of opportunity or equality of outcome? The former for instance was dealt with by such things as the provision of free secondary education for all. But all children were not as capable intellectually of benefiting from a grammer school education and so schools were developed offering education of a more practical nature. Some of those who passed the grammer school entrance examinations could not proceed for economic reasons or because of family pressures and so ended up in secondary modern or technical schools, for which presumably they were not best suited. All this means that, in the case of education at least, although technically there was an equality of opportunity, in fact there was not, and there certainly could never be equalities of outcomes. In more recent times parents have supposedly been given more choice as to which schools their children will go to, but the practice falls far short of such an idealistic situation. With regards to health perhaps the situation would be more equal? After all the health service was set up as free at the point of need. But now in the 21st century the media are full of the ‘post code lottery’ or repo rts about some Health Care Trusts refusing to fund certain treatments, in some cases potentiality life saving, which are available in other areas, or, of course, to those who are willing and able to pay. Inequality rules therefore in health care as in other areas of society. There has always been economic inequality in human societies since the very first caveman noticed that his neighbour had a better axe than he has. The exact nature of inequalities in society, their causes and effects as well as their importance have long been a matter for debate, but is clear that the varying abilities of people to create wealth for whatever reasons , are part of the complex pattern of equalities in soci

Major Theological Divisions in the Islamic World Research Paper

Major Theological Divisions in the Islamic World - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to establish the origins and evolution of the major divisions in Islam, and identify their ideologies and historical significance until the period of the Mongol Conquests. The paper argues that the major divisions of Islam were caused by struggles for power and authority, and evolved over a long period of time starting in the eighth century after the death of Prophet Muhammad. The major Islamic divisions include: Sunni, Shiite, Wahhabis, and Suffis. As the discussion stresses Prophet Muhammad had predicted in his ruling time that the Islamic religion would divide into seventy-three sects, which would all go to hell except himself and his true followers. The Islam divisions are now up to 150. The first Islamic group which was a successor of Prophet Muhammad was formed immediately after the death of the prophet in the seventh century. This division is known as the Sunni Muslims. Sunni Muslims are the majority of Muslims in the world, and they follow the four Khalifs who succeeded Prophet Muhammad – Hanifa, Hannibal, Malik and Shafi. This group has evolved to pursue their religion alongside secular societies. Ansary suggests that â€Å"they have followed the three Islamic sources of law namely, Hadith, Quran and Muslim consensus†. They consider themselves as those who have been saved by Allah; hence deriving the title of Najiyah.